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Microsoft Windows was announced by Bill Gates on November 10, The first versions of Windows 1. Windows 95though still being based on MS-DOS, was its own operating system, using a bit DOS-based kernel [ citation needed ] and a bit user space.

Windows 95 introduced many features that have been part of the product ever since, including the Start menuthe taskbarand Windows Explorer renamed File Explorer in Windows 8. It aimed to integrate Internet Explorer and the web into the user interface and also brought many new features into Windows, such as the ability to display JPEG images as the desktop windows server 2012 datacenter wiki free and single window navigation in Windows Explorer.

Windows 98 included USB support out of the box, and also plug and playwhich allows devices to work when plugged in without requiring a system reboot or manual configuration. InMicrosoft released Windows NT 3. Unlike the Windows 9x series of operating systems, it is a fully bit operating system. InWindows NT 4. Windows NT was originally designed to be used on high-end systems and servers, but with the release of Windowsmany consumer-oriented features from Windows 95 and Windows 98 were included, such as the Windows Windows server 2012 datacenter wiki free UpdateInternet Explorer 5USB support and Windows Media Player.

These consumer-oriented features were further extended in Windows XP inwhich included a new visual style called Lunaa more user-friendly interface, updated versions of Windows Media Player and Internet Explorer 6 by default, and extended features from Windows Me, such as the Help and Support Center and System Restore. Windows Vistawhich was released infocused on securing the Windows operating system against computer viruses and other malicious software by introducing features such as User Account Control.

New features include Windows Aeroupdated versions of the standard games e. Despite this, Windows Vista was critically panned for its poor windows server 2012 datacenter wiki free on older hardware and its at-the-time high system requirements. Windows 7 followed in nearly three years after its launch, and despite it technically having higher system requirements, [3] [4] reviewers noted that it ran better than Windows Vista.

Windows 8which was released inintroduced many controversial changes, such as the replacement of the Start menu with the Start Screen, the removal of the Aero interface in windows server 2012 datacenter wiki free of a flat, colored interface as well as the introduction of "Metro" apps later renamed to Universal Windows Platform appsand the Charms Bar user interface element, all of which received considerable criticism from reviewers.

The following version of Windows, Windows 10which was released inreintroduced the Start menu and added the ability to здесь Universal Windows Platform apps in a window instead of always in full screen.

Windows 10 was generally well-received, with many reviewers stating that Windows 10 is what Windows 8 should have been. The latest version of Windows, Windows 11was released on October 5, Windows 11 incorporates a redesigned user interface, including a new Start menu, a visual style featuring rounded corners, windows server 2012 datacenter wiki free a new layout for the Microsoft Store, [13] and also included Microsoft Edge by default.

The first independent version of Microsoft Windows, version 1. The project was briefly codenamed "Interface Manager" before the windowing system was implemented—contrary to popular belief that it was the original name for Windows and Rowland Hansonthe head of marketing at Microsoft, convinced the company that the name Windows would be more appealing как сообщается здесь customers.

Windows 1. The first version of Microsoft Windows included a simple graphics painting program called Windows Paint ; Windows Writea simple word processor ; an appointment calendar; a card-filer; a notepad ; a clock; a control panel ; a computer terminal ; Clipboard ; and RAM driver. Microsoft had worked with Apple Computer to develop applications for Apple's new Macintosh computer, which featured a graphical user interface.

Windows server 2012 datacenter wiki free part of the related business negotiations, Microsoft had licensed certain aspects of the Macintosh user interface from Apple; in later litigation, a district court summarized these aspects as "screen displays". In the development of Windows 1. For example, windows were only displayed "tiled" on the screen; that is, they could not overlap or overlie one another. On December 31,Microsoft посмотреть еще Windows 1. Windows server 2012 datacenter wiki free Windows version 2.

Much of the popularity for Windows 2. Microsoft Windows received a major boost around this time when Aldus PageMaker appeared in a Windows version, having previously run only on Macintosh. Some computer historians [ who? Like prior versions of Windows, version 2. In such a configuration, it could run under another multitasker like DESQviewwindows server 2012 datacenter wiki free used the protected mode.

It was also the first version to support the High Memory Area when running on an Intel compatible processor. Version 2. In Apple Computer, Inc. Microsoft Corp. Judge William Schwarzer dropped all but 10 of Apple's claims of copyright infringement, and ruled that most of the remaining 10 were over uncopyrightable ideas. On December 31,Microsoft declared Windows 2.

Windows server 2012 datacenter wiki free 3. A few months after introduction, Windows 3. A "multimedia" version, Windows 3. This version was the precursor to the multimedia features available in Windows 3. The features listed above and growing market support from application software developers made Windows 3. Support was discontinued on December 31, Its API was incompatible with Windows.

Version 1. They cooperated with each other in developing their PC operating смотрите подробнее, and had access to each other's code. After an interim 1. Microsoft would later imitate much of it in Windows Still, much of the system had bit code internally which required, among other things, device drivers to be bit code as well. It also windows server 2012 datacenter wiki free Real Mode, and only ran on an or better processor.

Later Microsoft also released Windows 3. In andMicrosoft released Windows for Workgroups WfWwhich was available both as an add-on windows server 2012 datacenter wiki free existing Windows 3. Windows for Workgroups included improved network drivers and protocol stacks, and windows server 2012 datacenter wiki free for peer-to-peer networking.

There were two versions of Windows for Workgroups, WfW 3. Unlike prior versions, Windows for Workgroups 3. All these versions continued version 3. Even though the 3. The Windows API became the de facto standard for consumer software.

On December 31,Microsoft declared Windows 3. Meanwhile, Microsoft continued to develop Windows NT. This successor was codenamed Cairo. In hindsight, Cairo was a much more difficult project than Microsoft had anticipated and, as a result, NT and Chicago would not be unified until Windows XP —albeit Windowsoriented to business, had already unified most of the system's bolts and gears, it was XP that was sold to windows server 2012 datacenter wiki free consumers like Windows 95 and came to be viewed as the final unified OS.

Driver support was lacking due to the increased programming difficulty in dealing with NT's superior hardware abstraction model. This problem plagued the NT line all the way through Windows Programmers complained that it was too hard to write drivers for NT, and hardware developers were not going to go through the trouble of developing drivers for a small segment of the market. Additionally, although allowing for good performance and fuller exploitation of system resources, it was also resource-intensive on limited hardware, and по ссылке was only suitable for larger, more expensive machines.

However, these same features made Windows NT perfect for the LAN server market which in was experiencing a rapid boom, as office networking was becoming common.

Windows NT version 3. The Win32 API had three levels of implementation: the complete one for Windows NT, a subset for Chicago originally called Win32c missing features primarily of interest to enterprise customers at the time such as security and Unicode support, and a more limited subset called Win32s which could be used on Windows 3. Thus Microsoft sought to ensure some degree of compatibility between the Chicago design and Windows NT, even though the two systems had radically different internal architectures.

Windows NT was the first Windows operating system based on a hybrid kernel. The windows server 2012 datacenter wiki free kernel was designed as a modified microkernelinfluenced by the Mach microkernel developed by Richard Rashid at Carnegie Mellon University, but without meeting all of the criteria of a pure microkernel.

As released, Windows NT 3. The 3. Support for Windows NT 3. After Windows 3. The Win32 API first introduced with Windows NT was adopted as the standard bit programming interface, with Win16 compatibility being preserved through a technique known as " thunking ". A new object-oriented GUI was not originally planned as part of the release, although elements of the Cairo user interface were borrowed and added as other aspects of the release notably Plug and Play slipped.

Microsoft did not change all of the Windows code to bit; parts of it remained bit albeit not directly using real mode for reasons of compatibility, нажмите чтобы перейти, windows server 2012 datacenter wiki free development time. Additionally it was necessary to carry over design decisions from earlier versions of Windows for reasons of backwards compatibility, even if these design decisions no longer matched a more modern computing environment.

These factors eventually began to impact the operating system's efficiency and stability. Microsoft marketing adopted Windows 95 as the product name for Chicago when it was released on August 24, Microsoft had a double gain from its release: first, it made it impossible for consumers to run Windows 95 on a cheaper, non-Microsoft DOS, secondly, although traces of DOS were never completely removed from the system and MS DOS 7 would be loaded briefly as a part of the booting process, Windows 95 applications ran solely in enhanced mode, with a flat bit address space and virtual memory.

These features make it possible for Win32 applications to address up to 2 gigabytes of virtual RAM with another 2 GB reserved for the operating systemand in theory prevented them from inadvertently corrupting the memory space of other Win32 applications.

Three years after its introduction, Windows 95 was succeeded by Windows Unlike with Windows 3. Microsoft case, blaming unfair marketing tactics on Microsoft's part. Some companies sold new hard drives with OSR2 preinstalled officially justifying this as needed due to the hard drive's windows server 2012 datacenter wiki free.

The first Microsoft Plus! Microsoft ended extended support for Windows 95 on December 31, Microsoft released the successor to NT 3. It was Microsoft's primary business-oriented operating system until the introduction of Windows Microsoft ended mainstream support for Windows NT 4.

Both editions were succeeded by Windows Professional and the Windows Server Family, respectively. This edition was succeeded /48724.txt Windows XP Embedded.

 

Windows server 2012 datacenter wiki free

 

Windows Server is the sixth version of the Windows Server operating system by Microsoftas part of the Windows NT family of operating systems. It is the server version of Windows based on Windows 8 and succeeds Windows Server R2ссылка на подробности is derived from the Windows 7 codebase, released nearly three years earlier. Two pre-release versions, a developer preview and a beta versionwere released during development.

The software was officially launched on September 4,which was the month before the release of Windows 8. Its mainstream support ended on October 9,and extended support will end on October 10, Unlike its predecessor, Windows Server has no support for Itanium -based computers, [5] and has four editions. Various features were added or improved читать полностью Windows Server R2 with many placing an emphasis on cloud computingsuch windows server 2012 datacenter wiki free an updated version of Hyper-Van IP address management role, a new version of Windows Task Managerand ReFSa new file system.

Windows Server received generally good reviews in spite of having included the same controversial Metro -based user interface seen in Windows 8, which includes the Charms Bar for quick access to settings in the desktop environment. Windows Servercodenamed "Windows Server 8", [6] is the fifth release of Windows Server family of operating systems developed concurrently with Windows 8. Before Windows Server was finalized, two test builds were made public.

A public beta version of Windows Server was windows server 2012 datacenter wiki free along with the Windows 8 Consumer Preview on February 29, The product was released to manufacturing on August 1, along with Windows 8 and became generally available on September 4, that year. Windows Server Essentials was released to manufacturing on October 9, [14] and was made generally available on November 1, Unlike its predecessor, Windows Server can switch between " Server Core " and "Server with a GUI " installation options without a full reinstallation.

Server Core — an option with a command-line interface only — is now the recommended configuration. There is also a third installation option that allows some GUI elements such as Windows server 2012 datacenter wiki free and Server Manager to run, but without the normal desktop, shell or default programs like File Explorer. Server Manager has been redesigned with an привожу ссылку on easing management of multiple servers. Windows Server includes a new version of Windows Task Manager together with the посетить страницу источник version.

In the new Processes tab, the processes are displayed in varying shades of yellow, with darker shades representing heavier resource use. Unlike the Windows 8 version of Task Manager which looks similarthe "Disk" activity graph is not enabled by default. Windows server 2012 datacenter wiki free CPU tab no longer displays individual graphs for every по этому сообщению processor on the windows server 2012 datacenter wiki free by default, although that remains an option.

Additionally, it can display data for each non-uniform memory access NUMA node. When displaying data for each logical processor for machines with more than 64 logical processors, the Adobe acrobat x pro vs adobe acrobat 8 professional free tab now displays simple utilization percentages on heat-mapping tiles.

Hovering the cursor over any logical processor's больше информации now shows the NUMA node of that processor and its ID, if applicable. Additionally, a new Startup tab has been added that lists startup applications, /71815.txt however this продолжить чтение does not exist in Windows Server Windows Server has an IP address management role for discovering, monitoring, auditing, and managing the IP address space used on a corporate network.

Both IPv4 and IPv6 are fully supported. Upgrades of the domain functional level to Windows Server are simplified; it can be performed entirely in Server Manager. Active Directory Federation Services /3504.txt no longer required to be downloaded when installed as a role, and claims which can be used by the Active Directory Federation Services have been introduced into the Kerberos token. Additionally, many of the former restrictions on resource consumption have been greatly lifted.

Each virtual machine in this version of Hyper-V can access up to 64 virtual processors, up to 1 terabyte of memory, and up to 64 terabytes of virtual disk space per virtual hard disk using a new.

Major new features of ReFS include: [40] [41]. In Windows Serverautomated error-correction with integrity streams is only supported on mirrored spaces; automatic recovery on parity spaces was added in Windows 8. Windows Server includes version 8. Windows Server supports the following maximum hardware specifications. Windows Server runs only on x processors. Unlike older versions, Windows Server does not support Itanium.

Upgrades from Windows Server нажмите чтобы увидеть больше Windows Server R2 are supported, although upgrades from prior releases are not. Reviews of Windows Server have been generally positive.

InfoWorld noted that Server 's use of Windows 8's panned "Metro" user interface was countered by Microsoft's increasing emphasis on the Server Core mode, which had been "fleshed out with new depth and ease-of-use features" and increased use of the "practically mandatory" PowerShell. A second release, Windows Server R2which is derived from the Windows 8.

Microsoft originally planned to end support for Windows Server and Windows Server R2 on Windows server 2012 datacenter wiki free 10,but in order to provide customers the standard transition lifecycle timeline, Microsoft extended Windows Server and R2 support in March by 9 months. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Server operating system by Microsoft released in Closed-source Source-available through Shared Source Initiative. This program allows customers to purchase security updates in yearly installments for the operating system through at most October 13, only for volume licensed editions.

See also: Features new to Windows 8. Main article: Windows Task Windows server 2012 datacenter wiki free. Main article: ReFS.

Other editions support less. Each license of Windows Server Standard allows up to two virtual instances of Windows Server Standard on that physical server. If more virtual instances of Windows Server Standard windows 8.1 pro crack 64 bit needed, each additional license of Windows Server allows up to two more virtual instances of Windows Server Standard, even though the physical server itself may have sufficient licenses for its processor chip count.

Because Windows Server Windows server 2012 datacenter wiki free has no limit on the number of virtual instances per licensed server, only enough licenses for the physical server are needed for any number of virtual instances of Windows Server Datacenter. If the number of processor chips or virtual instances is an odd number, the number of licenses required is the same as the next even number.

For example, a single-processor-chip server would still require 1 license, the same as if the server were two-processor-chip and a five-processor-chip server would require 3 licenses, the same as if the server were six-processor-chip, and if 15 virtual instances of Windows Server Standard are needed on one server, 8 licenses of Windows Serverwhich can cover up to 16 virtual instances, are needed assuming, in this example, that the processor chip count does not exceed In that case, the number of physical processors cannot exceed twice the number of licenses assigned to the windows server 2012 datacenter wiki free.

Microsoft Support. January Archived from the original on February нажмите для деталей, Retrieved October 10, Windows Server Blog. TechNet blogs. Archived from the original on December 22, Retrieved January 29, CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on August 12, Retrieved January 1, Archived from the original on November 19, Retrieved April 17, Windows IT Pro. Penton Media. Retrieved February 29, Archived from the original on February 11, Retrieved January 21, Archived from the original on October 28, по ссылке Windows server 2012 datacenter wiki free January 23, SoftNews SRL.

September 14, Archived from the original on May 8, Retrieved January 25, Archived from the original on December 2, Archived from the original on October 13, Retrieved July 15, Windows Server Blog! Archived from the original on January 17, Archived продолжение здесь the original on April 29, Microsoft DreamSpark. Archived from the original on August 19, Ars Technica.

Archived from the original on August 24, Retrieved August 24, Neowin LLC. The Next Web. Archived from the original on August 28, Archived from the original on October 6, Retrieved January 30, Paul Thurott's Supersite for Windows. Archived from the original on March 20, Future Publishing.